The 2012 Global Financial Crisis - 2365 Words

Introduction The 2008 Global Financial Crisis (GFC) was the worst crisis in history, and has wide range and deep effects on the world financial system and relations (Peihani 2012). The vulnerability of the world financial system was exposed from the 2008 GFC (Mohamed 2011). Hence, countries are trying to find a solution for the heavily market-relied global financial system, and protectionism has drawn the attention from a great portion of countries and researchers (Viju and Kerr 2011). Mohanmed (2011) defines protectionism as to support domestic production development, and protect it from global competitions, normally through the methods of Quota and Tariff. This paper is going to expand the findings of my previous briefing paper about the†¦show more content†¦The Congress started to increase the rate of tariff ever since, and reached its peak in 1828 of the rate of nearly 49%. Moreover, after experiencing few ups and downs from 1832 to 1842, the Congress started to decrease the rate of tariff from 1846 to 1857, to the average rate of 20%. The raise of tariff was mean to protect the local production of goods manufactured from wool, iron, hemp, lead, and glass; however, the tariff didn’t achieve its goal of promote domestic infant industries (Bruce 1998). Although the tariffs haven’t treated the American well, however the Republicans was insists on embrace protectionism. Moreover, America citizens were also opposed free trade due to the fact that protectionism could restrict imports and lower the unemployment rate (Bruce 2011). Benjamin Harrison defeated Grover Cleveland in the election of 1888, and passed the McKinley tariff in 1890 (Bruce 1998). The protectionists were arguing that not only infant industries need protections, but also mature industries. Furthermore, due to the fact that tariff was the principal source of revenue for the federal government (Bruce 1998), the Congress often avoid to use tariff for protectionist purpose, which might reduce the number of import and less the revenues (Bruce 2011). The situation has turned around since President William Howard created federal income tax (Bruce 1998), and it has soon replaced the tariff to became the principle revenue of U.S.Show MoreRelatedThe Problem Of Global Fina ncial Crisis1122 Words   |  5 Pagesreceivables and other financial assets are pooled together, with their cash flows or economic values redirected support payments on related securities.† â€Å"Securitization first emerged in the 1970s with the sale of securities backed by residential mortIn the 21st century, economic problems have incurred an increasing number of people s attention as the economic develop rapidly, and these problems are usually caused by human themselves. For instance, the occurrence of Global Financial Crisis (GFC) in 2007Read MoreBanking Sectors and Financial Crisis in the UAE and GCC Countries890 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Banking Sectors Financial Crisis in the UAE GCC Countries Chapter Two Table of Contents I. UAE GCC Countries Economy Overview Overview of the Banking Sector. Islamic and conventional Banking principles. The structure of Islamic Banking in UAE GCC Countries Islamic Banks operating in the UAE GCC Countries Central Bank Federal Law II. The financial crisis in the UAE GCC Countries. Causes of the financial crisis. Effects of the financial crisis. Banking Sector beforeRead More2007-2008 Financial Crisis1327 Words   |  6 PagesThe Global Financial Crisis of 2007-2008 The Global Financial Crisis 2007-2008 Economists and scholars spend years dissecting financial markets and evaluating the causes of booms and busts. Throughout United States history there have been multiple economic booms that were underestimated and followed by recessions. In the situation of the 2007-2008 global financial crisis many culprits have been identified as causes, such as loose monetary policy, credit booms, deregulation, over complexity,Read MoreCiti Singapore: Company Analysis1754 Words   |  7 PagesCiti Singapore Contents Introduction of the Company 3 Environmental Factors 4 Financial Sector Uncertainty 4 Recovery from the Current Recession 4 Potential for another Global Recession 5 International Growth 5 Other Business Considerations 5 Demand for Capital 5 Demand for Deposits and Investments Opportunities 6 Citis Business Functions 6 Planning 6 Strategizing 6 Organizing 7 Leading 7 Controlling 7 Conclusion 8 Recommendations 8 Works Cited 10 IntroductionRead MoreThe Global Financial Crisis and The Regulation of Investment Banks1154 Words   |  5 Pagesroles. Investments banks play a very important role in stimulating investments in the United States both from individuals and corporate. The global financial environment has over the last decade experienced enough changes as can be witnessed from the key economic indicators. These changes have significantly impacted various stakeholders such as financial markets, money markets, capital markets and the general micro and macro economics players. Countries have been hit by recession and economic meltdownsRead MoreThe Financial Meltdown Crisis : Luis A. Santiago Gaetan1387 Words   |  6 PagesThe Financial Meltdown Crisis Luis A. Santiago-Gaetan University of Massachusetts-Amherst Introduction In March 2008, the government of the United States was abruptly confronted with the first signals of what later became the greatest financial crisis in U. S. history since the Great Depression. The beginnings of the financial crisis began with the government intervention or bailout of Bear Sterns, the smallest of the five giant Wall Street investment banks, but the first one known to be in financialRead MoreIntroduction Of The Bank Of England986 Words   |  4 Pagesfascinating for one to track on how the global financial integration has been evolving for the past century. Understanding the evolution of output is possible by looking at the measured stocks of the external assets and liabilities; together with the cumulative consequences of the past cross-border capital flows. Global integration of trade and finance started prior to the World War I, at the time when the capital liberalization was last at their peak. Both global integration of trade and finance fellRead MoreThe World Economic Crisis Of 20081701 Words   |  7 Pageseconomic crisis of 2008 was the worst global crisis after the great recession of 1929-30. The most affected economies from the crisis are western European countries. The economic crisis sub sequentially lowers the growth rate of the economies. A large number of American companies incurred heavy losses and it declines in the gross domestic product widely known as GDP of the country. China plays a significant role during the economic crises (Lardy Subramanian, 2012). China was full of financial fundsRead MoreGlobal Financial Crisis : Its Causes And The Global Responses Essay1592 Words   |  7 PagesAssignment topic: Global financial crisis: its cause and the global responses Introduction The global financial crisis or economy crisis is commonly believed to have begun in July 2007 with credit crunch, when a loss of confidence by the US investors in the value of sub-prime mortgages caused a liquidity crisis. On the other hand, due to the big changes that took place over the last 20 to 30 years in the worldwide economy and the influence of 2007 financial crisis, it has re-emerged as one of theRead MoreThe Effects Of Tax Havens On The Globally Economy1161 Words   |  5 Pagesat a low rate, taxes such as income tax and inheritance tax. Offshore banking is when an individual decides to do their banking with a financial intuition that isn’t located in the country in which they reside. The main benefits of banking offshore in tax haven countries are: †¢ Little to no taxes †¢ Added privacy †¢ Security against ‘political, local or financial instability’ (Wikipedia, 2016) At first I didn’t think much of it really, I thought to myself it’s their money they can keep it in whatever

The Cons Of Marijuana And Marijuana - 1449 Words

Kearney, Emma Biggs/Regalia Political Studies 22 October 2014 The Cons of Cannabis Although it is a highly common defense that marijuana is not addictive, it in fact is. Many regular smokers find themselves ridden with very similar withdrawal symptoms of a tobacco addict (Marijuana Addiction Symptoms and Effects). Around 9% of people who use find themselves dependent on marijuana (Is Marijuana Addictive?). That may not seem like much, but that is almost 1 in every 10 people hooked on a drug that is supposedly â€Å"non-addictive.† Legalizing a drug that causes disorientation, paranoia, depression, anxiety, dizziness, and a slowed reaction time is not safe, not to mention the fact that it is a gateway drug, often leading users to use even more damaging and dangerous drugs (Is Marijuana Addictive?). With the legalization of a drug like marijuana comes increased use and abuse of the drug. Marijuana is unsafe medically for the individual using and for the people around them when the user is under the influence, it will cost the government m oney and time and it will cost employers tons. Legalizing marijuana would be a huge mistake by our country. In 2011, marijuana was responsible or involved in almost 500,000 emergency room visits in the United States (Carise). Cannabis has proven to lead to weakened immune systems, growth disorders, reduction of male sex hormones, destruction of lung fibers, potentially permanent brain lesions, lack of motivation, focus, ability to perceiveShow MoreRelatedPros and Cons of Marijuana863 Words   |  4 Pages The legalization of marijuana has been a highly debated topic for many of years. Since the first president to the most recent, our nation’s leaders have consumed the plant known as weed. With such influential figures openly using this drug why is it so frowned upon? Marijuana is considered a gateway drug, a menace to society, and mentally harmful to its consumers. For some people weed brings a sense of anxiety, dizziness, or unsettling feeling. Like alcohol, tobacco or any other drug, those chemicalsRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of Marijuana Legalization1226 Words   |  5 PagesWhat is Marijuana? According to Dictionary.com, Marijuana is, â€Å"a preparation made from the dried flower clusters and leaves of the cannabis plant, usually smoked or eaten to induce euphoria†(marijuana). Marijuana, also known as â€Å"Mary Jane†, is drawn out to be an extremely horrible, life-ruining drug. Children learn that marijuana is a â€Å"gateway† drug and that it onl y does harm. Though it can be quite addictive, Marijuana is safer than commonly used drugs like Tobacco and could possibly be moreRead MorePros And Cons Of Legalization Of Marijuana784 Words   |  4 Pages According to the English Oxford Living Dictionaries (2017), marijuana is â€Å"Cannabis, especially as smocked or consumed as a psychoactive (mind-altering) drug.† Although marijuana is illegal by the federal law, 29 states have legalized the use of medical marijuana, and in 8 states anyone over the age of 21 can buy marijuana (Nathan, D. L., Clark, H. W., Elders, J, 2017, p. 1746). Many Americans tend to experiment with drugs when put in a certain social event, but rarely abuse drugs or become a drugRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of Legalization Of Marijuana715 Words   |  3 PagesMarijuana legalization is a controversial subject with many different problems and solutions. Marijuana has benefits and disadvantages to using it (and many viewpoints on said pros and cons) so one person cannot be the only authority on the subject. Marijuana could possibly be used as a medicine, and although legalizing marijuana could have some benefits, the action could have serious repercussions. The legalization of medical marijuana could have positive benefits to the United States governmentRead MorePros and Cons of Legalizing Marijuana2690 Words   |  11 Pages Marijuana Angela Stackhouse 05/07/09 Marijuana The uses of marijuana amongst teenagers has increased over the years making it the most accessible drug in America as well as one the most beneficial due to its medical uses. According to the article of Marijuana Use Among Youths Is a Serious Problem, written by the National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse at Columbia University (CASA) (2004), stated that the uses of marijuana has impacted the youth in many ways due to the unknown factorsRead MoreEssay on Legalizing Marijuana: Pros and Cons1599 Words   |  7 PagesIn 2007, $42 billion was spent on the marijuana prohibition. That is more money than the war on drugs spent on all types of drugs three years before when $40 billion was spent all together. Why is our government focusing on a drug that can be called merely harmless to those who use it? Why is this drug getting more money spent on it than drugs that are highly addictive and life threatening? Marijuana is not as dangerous as people may want it to seem. Marijuana is a product of the Cannabis staviaRead MoreEssay on Pros and Cons of Legalizing Marijuana1880 Words   |  8 PagesPros and Cons Of Legalizing Marijuana Marijuana is a very common street and recreational drug that comes from the marijuana plant. The plant that produces marijuana, as is well known, is the hemp plant cannabis sativa. The pharmacologically active ingredient in marijuana is tetra-hydro-cannabinol. Marijuana is used to heighten perception, affect mood and relax. It is estimated that about thirty percent of adults in the U.S. use marijuana. Many people think marijuana is harmless. It is not.Read MoreThe Pros And Cons Of Marijuana Legalization1442 Words   |  6 Pagesof Marijuana remains as one of the most controversial topics. Marijuana, also known as Cannabis is the most widely used illicit drug in the United States. According to national surveys conducted by the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), â€Å"marijuana use rose from 4.1 percent to 9.5 percent of the U.S. adult population in the past decade.† The increase of Marijuana use created an ongoing debate over whether it should be fe derally legalized or not. Supporters of marijuana legalizationRead MorePros and Cons of Legalising Marijuana1126 Words   |  5 Pagestheory that cannabis is a ‘gateway drug’ also arises. Despite the current marijuana laws, medical research has shown a variety of therapeutic benefits that arise from the use of cannabis. (Gowling et al. 1998, p. 446)) Revealed that ‘Over the years, cannabis has been claimed to increase appetite, relax the muscle, improve mood, relieve anxiety and combat pain and nausea’. As a result of these advantages, medical marijuana advocates support and has pushed for the legalisation of cannabis. HoweverRead MoreThe Pros and Cons of Medical Marijuana Essay1201 Words   |  5 Pages Marijuana is the third most popular recreational drug in America (behind only alcohol and tobacco), and has been used by nearly 100 million Americans. According to government surveys, some 25 million Americans have smoked marijuana in the past year, and more than 14 million do so regularly despite harsh laws against its use. Our public policies should reflect this reality, not deny it.(keith stroepe). Marijuana should be legalized for medical use across the country. Marijuana has been used

Experiencing Failure Essay Paper Example For Students

Experiencing Failure Essay Paper Assignment Recount an incident or time when you experienced failure. How did it affect you, and what lessons did you learn? Response Failure is an inevitable part of life. We cannot be successful in everything we partake in. Personally, how successful one becomes is dependent on the method he or she uses to overcome adversity and failure. If Thomas Edison had given up on the light bulb, we could be still living in darkness today. However, I now look towards something much less significant than that my own experience of failure, one that has stood out among every other failure and success I have gone through. I massively flunked my mid-term exams back in Secondary 4 at age 15. I should make clear that this was not my most debilitating failure, nor was this the event that has left the biggest dent in my confidence. However, this failure was, without a doubt, the most significant in my life. It completely changed the way I approached not only my academics, but life in general. It all started innocuously enough. New topics were hurled at me like proverbial missiles. I thought I could grasp the concepts quickly enough. My approach was to wing it and cram at the last minute. Compared to my peers, I was quite relaxed. Little did I know that the transition I had to make would be equivalent to the Brunei Bay huge, largely undiscovered, and very threatening to whoever was not sufficiently prepared for it. I quickly found out for myself that such a simple miscalculation of judgment could result in dire consequences. As I took the first batch of exams, it hit me like a truck Secondary 4 was no playground. Where were the straightforward questions that I was used to? Why were the papers dominated by free-response questions? Questions were swirling around my head akin to the inside of a washing machine. I was confused and dazed but not worried. I was still confident that I could pull it off. Believe it or not, I did manage to pull it off-the worst exam results I had ever received. The prognosis was quite grim, to say the least. My Chinese, physics and additional mathematics results were in tatters, and my other subjects were barely manageable. But the one that turned my stomach was biology. The fact that I had failed very miserably sent my head spinning. I had no idea to do. I had not been the most outstanding student, but I consistently posted results near the top range of my school. And in one swift, decisive maneuver, I thought I had managed to completely obliterate my reputation. As one might imagine, since I originate from quite a stereotypical Asian household, I received an enormous backlash and was verbally torn apart by my parents, based on my â€Å"atrocious† results. Now, let it be known that I absolutely despise receiving scoldings from anyone. Which teenager doesn’t? But, as I filtered out my parents’ admonishments, something stirred within me. I knew I was wrong. I had received advice, be it from teachers, friends, or filtered from the barrage of words cascading out of my parents’ mouths. I had to invest more effort into my academics. Do revision. Break out from the bad habits I had developed. Plan ahead. Looking back, I realize why I failed. I was over-dependent on others. When it came time to fend for myself, I failed miserably. Changing that mentality helped me tremendously. My grades slowly picked up once again and I managed great results for my O Levels. This has carried over to other aspects of my life. Once, I was a little 15-year old baby, shielded from everything, provided with everything. This is not the case anymore. I might lag back sometimes, but I am as determined and hungry as ever for success. Using this new mentality, I am sure I can achieve a lot, as long as I remain modest, and not be over-confident of my abilities.

Treating Psychological Trauma and PTSD †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Treating Psychological Trauma and PTSD. Answer: Introduction: The research background focuses on the development of strong emotional responses of people which have resulted from the exhibition of Syonan gallery: War and its legacies at the Former Ford factory. The responses and opinions regarding the events of the exhibition have been provided through social media, which has created a stir among people, some of whom have provided positive responses while the others have stated it as an exhibition that has brought negative impact on people (Bonanno Mancini, 2012). Post Traumatic Stress Disorder is the disorders or lack of abilities in individuals that are caused due to the outbreak of World War 2 and its negative impact created in Singapore. The aim of the research is to identify the impact created by Syonan Gallery on the visitors who have been suffering from PTSD (Chatard et al., 2012). To identify the impact of Syonan gallery on the visitors suffering from PTSD To evaluate the approaches considered for determining the positivity and negativity of the Exhibition at Former Ford Factory To assess how war exhibits can promote healing and closure of bad emotions among individuals To recommend necessary measures for preventing distressing behaviours among individuals suffering from PTSD The present research includes an introductory chapter at first that includes the background of research and aim to present how the Syonan Gallery can impact on the visitors suffering from PTSD both positively and negatively (Kearney et al., 2012). Literature review and Hypothesis development The outbreak of World War 2 resulted in the fall of Singapore 75 years back. After all these years, there were many people found suffering from the Post Traumatic Stress Disorder or PTSD. The current exhibition that was held in Singapore created a stir among individuals because the several exhibits and events that were held to honour the individuals who battled for Singapore followed by the Japanese occupation (Lanius et al., 2012). Though this was done deliberately to pay tribute to the individuals, still it created few controversies as well. One of the exhibitions named Syonan Gallery: War and its legacies that were held at the Former Ford Factory created some strong emotional responses from the people both positively as well as negatively. A lot of views and opinions were circulated through the social networks, and because of that, some people believed that the exhibition created distress among visitors who had PTSD and made them remember the events, thereby creating a negative mindset among them (Lyons, Zink Koenen, 2012). The other people believed that the exhibition and various conversations that were managed during the war exhibits could promote healing and even led to the closure of negative emotions and behaviours among them. This might further result in recovering them from the disorder of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder and furthermore allow them to forget those war events and make them lead a better and healthy life in the future (O'Neill, 2014). The conversations happened on the social networks after the Syonan Gallery exhibition can not only create long lasting effects on people suffering from PTSD but can also result in affecting the brain functioning of people who do not suffer from PTSD. PTSD can be experienced as a set of non-specific, confusing and distressing symptoms that can result in brain injury at later stages and even deteriorate the proper functioning of the brain of individuals who have been suffering from PTSD. Though the exhibition was held to pay respect and honour the bravery and contribution of the war fighters, still this created a lot of controversies among people as various conversations were made through the social media (Reuven, Liberman Dar, 2014). The general public started sharing their views and opinions regarding the exhibition, and those were both positive and negative responses. It is true that the war exhibits can make the individuals suffering from PTSD remember all those events and suffer from mental issues while the others believed that the war exhibits could make them forget the bad incidents experienced by them during the war. This would allow them to gain a positive mindset as the war exhibits and museums have been managed for paying respect and remember their bravery and contribution to the country during the World War 2 (Wilson, Friedman Lindy, 2012). Hypothesis development H0: The exhibition of Syonan Gallery cannot create any impact on the visitors suffering from Post Traumatic Stress Disorder H1: It is evident that the Syonan Gallery exhibition can spread positive messages to the war survivors suffering from PTSD and pay them respect, which can further ensure them recovering from stressful conditions. As an independent researcher, I will be able to gain a lot of knowledge and information about how the Syonan Gallery exhibition can create a positive impact on the individuals suffering from PTSD and allow them to recover from their stress and negative emotions through the respect and tribute that will be paid to them. The skills that are obtained will further help in conducting the research efficiently and furthermore create ease and convenience to make a valuable contribution to respective academic fields in an effective manner too (Bonanno Mancini, 2012). On the other hand, research approaches refer to positive, interpretive or critical. The positive approach determines the rules that influence behaviours within the society from the scientific perspective. The interpretive approach showed how individuals could identify the societal aspects and respond to the interpretations. The critical approach deals with social reality influenced by conflicts and is often a major source of complexity. The positive approach has been chosen here because it can help the researcher to interpret the world and respond to the interpretations with ease and effectiveness (Liamputtong, 2013). The positivist approach is effective because it relates to the research about the influence of human behaviour by external force, which is the exhibition here. Research Design The exploratory design of research has helped in observing certain areas and make a detailed exploration of the research materials while the explanatory research design has focused on the cause and effect of the research. The descriptive research design is useful for linking the variables properly and fills the gaps for creating a positive impact of the independent variable, i.e., the Syonan gallery exhibition on the individuals suffering from PTSD, which is the dependent variable here (Bryman Bell, 2015). Thus, the descriptive research design has been selected here as the most appropriate research design. The targeted population includes the respondents who have knowledge of the research topic. The sample is selected from the population because all the individuals are not possible to be taken into consideration during the research conduction. The sample size has been chosen as 50 where 40 are the quantitative samples and the remaining 10 are considered as qualitative samples (Bryman, 2015). The probability sampling technique has developed samples based on the probability of fulfilling the criteria for conducting the research and is useful for gaining a particular sample from a huge population. The non-probability sampling, on the other hand, is more flexible and convenient as the researcher can gain better control over the sampling units. There is no random sampling, rather purposive and convenient sampling techniques are done here (Lanius et al., 2012). The purposive sampling technique is done by allowing the respondents to know about the purpose and scope of research while to gather the qualitative samples; the convenient sampling method is more preferable. The managers of Former Ford Factory are considered as qualitative samples. The convenient sampling method has helped to manage interviews with the managers according to their availability from the busy schedule to provide their responses and opinions regarding the research (Bryman, 2015). Thus, the non-probability sampling technique is considered more effective while conducting the research properly. The sample size has been selected as 50 where 40 are quantitative samples, i.e., the people who have been discussing the exhibition on social media and few of the individuals suffering from PTSD while the remaining 10 are qualitative samples and the responses provided by the managers of the factory have been considered as qualitative data (Fowler Jr, 2013). The collection of data includes both qualitative and quantitative data. The qualitative data are gathered by conducting interviews with the respondents, i.e., the managers who have managed to held the exhibition for commemorating the individuals who have been part of the World War 2. The quantitative data has been gathered by distributing survey questionnaires to people that contained structured questions related to the research topic. The respondents here are the people who have been involved in conversations related to the Syonan Gallery on social media and even the few of the individuals who have been suffering from PTSD (Chatard et al., 2012). Pilot studies were also managed for gathering the opinions of respondents and furthermore manage field works for effectively collecting data. The tools used for analysing the data and information gathered are SPSS tool, Likert Scale and these tools can represent the data and information in the form of graphs and tables for allowing the researcher to understand those with efficiency. The analysis and interpretation of data have also helped in summarising the results properly and determined the cause and effect relationships among the variables too. The patterns of behaviours and relationships along with psychological behaviours have been obtained for conducting the research efficiently with the analysis and interpretation of data as well (Kearney et al., 2012). The ethics have been maintained by ensuring that no data and information that are gathered are used for commercial purposes. These data and information have been used for academics researches only and has been kept secure as well. None of the respondents has been forced to take part in the research as well (Liamputtong, 2013). Few major limitations faced include language barriers, lack of scopes of selecting a larger size of sample and less time provided. Some additional time would have been effective for conducting the research by exploring the various areas that were not covered earlier. Language barriers might result in making individuals face difficulties while exchanging messages and information during the research (Bryman Bell, 2015). Timeline Main activities/ stages Month February Month March Month April Month May Month June Month July Selection of topic Collecting data from secondary sources Constructing the research layout Literature review Development of research Plan Selection of Appropriate Research Techniques Primary data collection Analysis Interpretation of Data which are collected Conclusion Development of Draft Final Work submission References Bonanno, G. A., Mancini, A. D. (2012). Beyond resilience and PTSD: Mapping the heterogeneity of responses to potential trauma.Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy,4(1), 74. Bryman, A. (2015).Social research methods. Oxford university press. Bryman, A., Bell, E. (2015).Business research methods. Oxford University Press, USA. Chatard, A., Pyszczynski, T., Arndt, J., Selimbegovi?, L., Konan, P. N., Van der Linden, M. (2012). Extent of trauma exposure and PTSD symptom severity as predictors of anxiety-buffer functioning.Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy,4(1), 47. Fowler Jr, F. J. (2013).Survey research methods. Sage publications. Kearney, D. J., McDermott, K., Malte, C., Martinez, M., Simpson, T. L. (2012). Association of participation in a mindfulness program with measures of PTSD, depression and quality of life in a veteran sample.Journal of clinical psychology,68(1), 101-116. Lanius, R. A., Brand, B., Vermetten, E., Frewen, P. A., Spiegel, D. (2012). The dissociative subtype of posttraumatic stress disorder: Rationale, clinical and neurobiological evidence, and implications.Depression and anxiety,29(8), 701-708. Liamputtong, P. (2013).Qualitative research methods. Lyons, M. I., Zink, T., Koenen, K. C. (2012). Post-traumatic stress disorder.Principles of Psychiatric Genetics, 134. O'Neill, J. (2014). Syonan Shimbun: Singapore's Wartime Newspaper. Reuven, O., Liberman, N., Dar, R. (2014). The effect of physical cleaning on threatened morality in individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder.Clinical Psychological Science,2(2), 224-229. Wilson, J. P., Friedman, M. J., Lindy, J. D. (Eds.). (2012).Treating psychological trauma and PTSD. Guilford Press.

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Free Essays on Comparing To Major Models In Organized Crime

A Comparison Of Two Major Models of Organized Crime: The Smith’s Enterprise Model and The Block Model  To understand a model of organized crime there must first be an understanding of what organized crime is. The American Heritage Dictionary (2000) defines it as; â€Å"Widespread criminal activities, such as prostitution, interstate theft, or illegal gambling, that occur within a centrally controlled formal structure .† Many Scholars use varies attributes to not completely define but identify organized crime. Organized crime can then be identified as a group that has no ideological, are hierarchical, have limited/exclusive membership, are perpetuitous, use illegal violence, demonstrate a division of labor, are governed by a code of secrecy (Potter, p.1a). Assuming that both definitions are correct then Smith’s Enterprise Model and Block’s Enterprise and Power Syndicate Model can be defined under these terms; or can it? Smith’s Enterprise Model began with a man named Dwight Smith who wrote the book The Mafia Mystique in 1975. This model based the idea that organized crime was basically a normal business operation that performed in the illegal market. It was the fundamentals of entrepreneurship that led to the organized crime sector because it was based out of illegal goods and services. This was first examined with a look at the 1920s when Prohibition was set forth. Once alcohol became illegal a huge black market arose which produced illegal goods by the new style gangsters. Smith’s role was also supported by Alan Block with his empirical study of the cocaine trade in New York City (cited in Potter b). Block concluded that there was not one monolithic criminal organization but several smaller ones based around this illegal entrepreneurship. (Potter, p.1-2b) Block’s Enterprise and Power Syndicate Model was founded by a man named Alan Block. He studied organized crime between 1930 and 1950 in New York City. ... Free Essays on Comparing To Major Models In Organized Crime Free Essays on Comparing To Major Models In Organized Crime A Comparison Of Two Major Models of Organized Crime: The Smith’s Enterprise Model and The Block Model  To understand a model of organized crime there must first be an understanding of what organized crime is. The American Heritage Dictionary (2000) defines it as; â€Å"Widespread criminal activities, such as prostitution, interstate theft, or illegal gambling, that occur within a centrally controlled formal structure .† Many Scholars use varies attributes to not completely define but identify organized crime. Organized crime can then be identified as a group that has no ideological, are hierarchical, have limited/exclusive membership, are perpetuitous, use illegal violence, demonstrate a division of labor, are governed by a code of secrecy (Potter, p.1a). Assuming that both definitions are correct then Smith’s Enterprise Model and Block’s Enterprise and Power Syndicate Model can be defined under these terms; or can it? Smith’s Enterprise Model began with a man named Dwight Smith who wrote the book The Mafia Mystique in 1975. This model based the idea that organized crime was basically a normal business operation that performed in the illegal market. It was the fundamentals of entrepreneurship that led to the organized crime sector because it was based out of illegal goods and services. This was first examined with a look at the 1920s when Prohibition was set forth. Once alcohol became illegal a huge black market arose which produced illegal goods by the new style gangsters. Smith’s role was also supported by Alan Block with his empirical study of the cocaine trade in New York City (cited in Potter b). Block concluded that there was not one monolithic criminal organization but several smaller ones based around this illegal entrepreneurship. (Potter, p.1-2b) Block’s Enterprise and Power Syndicate Model was founded by a man named Alan Block. He studied organized crime between 1930 and 1950 in New York City. ...

Miranda v. Arizona 384 U.S. 436 (1966) Case Study

Miranda v. Arizona 384 U.S. 436 (1966) - Case Study Example His counsel appealed the case with the Arizona Supreme Court who agreed with a vote of 5-4 that the statements the police acquired from Miranda were not admissible in court because they failed to advise him of his rights as a police detainee (â€Å"Miranda V. Arizona (1966)†, n.d.). This decision became the precedent case for Westover v. United States, Vignera v. New York, and California v. Stewart which were all cases that were all decided on the basis of what became known as the Miranda Rights. So named after Ernesto Miranda, whose case became the landmark case that brought the rights of a police detainee to light. Miranda Rights have become part and parcel of proper police arrest procedure ever since the courts sided with Ernesto Miranda on his case. The Miranda Rights are the only set of laws that stand between a forced confession during interrogation (such as the case with Ernesto Miranda) and a properly accessed confession or information from the accused based on proper police procedure (due to the presence of legal counsel who advises the accused of his rights during questioning). There seems to be some confusion among the public pertaining to the circumstances and situations when a person must be read his Miranda Rights. Simply put, Miranda rights only come into play when police begin to question a suspect in a formal interrogation setting since he is being formally accused of a crime. It does not apply to traffic violations, DUI arrests, and other simple police situations. The Miranda is triggered when you are arrested and asked questions by the police. The police must, by law, inform you of your right to self incrimination and to free legal counsel prior to asking you any questions. The accused is normally informed of his Miranda Rights as part of this arrest procedure. Before the cuffs go on, the Miranda must be read. Otherwise, anything the accused says under interrogation will be deemed inadmissible in court (â€Å"Miranda†, n.d.). Th e rights of the accused to the protection of the Miranda Rights and the legal counsel afforded them under the Sixth Amendment can be formally waived by the accused once he formally refuses the protection of the law. Although it is not common for the accused to refuse his Miranda Rights, there have been certain instances in arrest / interrogation situations when the accused does exactly that. However, Miranda Rights are not easily waived. There are actually certain procedures that the accused has to pass through in order to waive these rights. His right to access his Miranda Rights cannot simply be implied by the accused. He must formally invoke his right to counsel and the right to self incrimination in order to be covered by the law. The accused may, at any given time after he is advised of his Miranda Rights, refuse to be covered by the law provided he signs a legal document waiving his right to remain silent, or the right to have legal representation present at his questioning. T his is what is known as an Expressly Waiving Miranda Rights. On the other hand, an Implied Waiver of Miranda Rights may also be undertaken by the accused simply by behaving in such a way that indicates that he has full knowledge of his Miranda Rights and he has chosen to waive them (â€Å"Waiving Miranda Rights†, n.d.). The Miranda Law was created by a court of law based upon the United States Constitution and therefore cannot

Buyer behaviour Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Buyer behaviour - Essay Example The brand was also listed as the #1 company in the world by Forbes.com in June 2012. The rankings were based upon aspects such as people’s willingness to buy, recommend, work for, and invest in a company which is 60% driven by the perceptions of the company and only 40% by the perceptions of their products. The Target Audience/Market Segment: The ad, in this context, is designed for the market segment of an elite upper class that touts trendy styles and exquisite tastes as the marks of their identity, as can be evidenced from the lady’s appearance and the driver’s initial introduction of her. The audience does not get to see her eyes, covered by dark sunglasses, but are told that the first thing one will notice about her is her â€Å"bright, blue eyes† which are usually covered up, but when one sees them â€Å"it’s worth it† (Most Expensive BMW Ad Ever-BMW, 2011). The ad subtly hints here that if the consumer notices the features of BMW, they will know the worth of it. The upper class consumer, who the ad targets, will definitely understand the cue. The target market segment is also likely to be educated, rich and willing to spend heavily on luxury items. Thus, the ad is appropriate in every context to the target consumer. Features and Benefits being Offered: BMW packs their engine with effective features and style according to customer segments. â€Å"The all new BMW 3 series sedan features the BMW Twin Power Turbo four-cylinder diesel engine of its predecessor, which has been honed for even greater fuel economy and lower emissions with no reduction in power output. The 2.0-litre four-cylinder engine is from the same family as the regular BMW 320d engine and shares the same all-aluminium crankcase, VNT turbocharger and latest-generation common rail direct injection† (BMW 3-Series (2012), 2005). Additional features like a slight reduction in maximum output rating, the rpm-reducing, friction-reduced powertrain des ign and an optimized aerodynamics package has helped BMW to bring down its CO2 emission to the lowest. It also comes with 5 rear view cameras to support complete driving safety. The safety measures provided include dual front airbags, side airbags and head protecting side curtains.The BMW 3-Series Sedan is also equipped with an Auto Start-Stop function, which analyses and automatically turns off the engine during short stops to save fuel. The BMW also features important safety measures such as antilock brakes (ABS), electronic stability control (ESC) and electronic brake force distribution (EBD). Intelligent seat belt reminders are also fitted to all seats as a measure of safety and comfort. In the context of this ad, the features of the product remains emphasized throughout, right from its beginning. The lady explicitly expresses that she is done with black, thus connoting to the appeal of the change to white. The car’s manoeuvrability becomes evident when it glides through the mob whereas the car that follows gets trapped. The lady scolds the driver for his lack of pace as she wants to lose her trailing bodyguards. He picks up speed, takes several abrupt twists, turn and swerves that throw the lady around to all nukes and corners of the car but she remains in good shape. Thus, the ad, through the action unfolding before the audience’s eyes, illustrates the features of the car in terms of visual appeal, speed, manoeuvrability, comfort

Behavioral Issues in Special Education (self-injurous behavior) Essay

Behavioral Issues in Special Education (self-injurous behavior) - Essay Example Many of these children that are given special education are very disturbed and prone to inflicting harm against themselves. According to Fox, C & Hawton, K, self-injury does not really mean that the person wants to commit suicide but rather, a person who cuts or inflicts intentional harm upon himself or herself is hoping to relieve some of tension or emotional pain1 or just simply to manifest his or her frustrations over something. In the case of children with disabilities, their inability to communicate to others can be very frustrating. In most cases, these children express their frustrations by inflicting self-harm and to get the attention that they need. The failure on the part of the adult present to recognize the silent please of the child with disability can make the situation even worst. The child may continue to inflict upon herself or herself until such time when he or she gets what he or she needs. Schoeder, Mulich and Rojahn classified the Self-injurious behaviour (SIB) into two namely, the social and the non-social act. The social SIB often takes place in the social setting and was directly self-injurious such as head banging, self-biting, self-scratching, gouging, pinching and hair pulling [Weiss, 129-143]. Social SIB can happen frequently and may be associated with other forms of behaviour problems. On the other hand, the Non-Social SIB happens less frequently but may tend to inflict more harm u pon the child. Non-social SIB can be manifested through stuffing orifices, mouthing, sucking, rumination, ingestion of faeces, excessive fluid intake and ingestion of air [Weiss, 129-143]. In extreme instances, the injuries inflicted by the child upon himself or herself are so serious that it requires hospitalisation for a few days. Self-injurious behaviour (SIB) in children with learning disabilities and autism is one

Accordia Global Health Foundation: Impact on Poverty

Accordia Global Health Foundation: Impact on Poverty Accordia Global Health Foundation is an NGO that is providing at all phase of the fieldwork cycle, promoting the importance and productiveness of the fieldwork, prime concern and understanding expressed in activity. They have crucial role in governance by encouraging and supporting applicable global health fact-finding, capital deploy for research administration of comprehension. Further, the participation of Accordia Global Health Foundation in research is proximate from understanding productivity as it takes the shape of collaboration with graduate institutions and committed research organisations. This paper will concentrate solely on the context of Accordia Global Health Foundation and Its aim to examine the extent to which the NGOs attempt in this globe of activity are effective in assisting to allay poverty. Accordia Global Health Foundation is a non-governmental and not-for profit organization whose birth began in the year 2000 and in collaboration with leading theoretical researcher clinician who are dedicated to analyzing more partnership, Africa- command method to conquer HIV/AIDS and mental health disorder in the sub-Saharan countries. The goal of Accordia Global Health Foundation NGO is to completely attenuate hardship and advance growth through mediation within growing nations, and distinguished by financial and scientific reinforcement for socio-economic plan and projects, reinforcing in -nation ability to render health teaching, prevention fact-finding, and care and Build affirmation-based model that are directly important in resource- restricted setting and can be reproduced throughout countries Accordia Global Health Foundation is a non-governmental NGO fostered by Dr Merle and funded by good hearted individuals. He fostered the theoretical Alliance for AIDS Care and prevention in Africa to establish the dimension to campaign the proceeding HIV/AIDS disaster in Uganda and in Africa countries. In 2003, he collaborated with other inspired to found. In 2004, the Accordia Global Health Foundation collaborated with Pfizer Inc. And initiated the infectious disease institute IDI at Makerere University Kampala Uganda. The Infectious Disease Institute assist as a paragon for support, territorial core for quality in health, while changing the standard of health across the continent. Currently, Accordia relentlessly continue to expand and enact inventive health ideas, while working to establish and sustain countries in Africa. Most importantly, Accordia Global Health Foundation is an NGO that uses heart touching images to establishes encourage and continues to maintain African -conced ed health establishment, equipping local solution to fact-finding , orientation, education and care via the Institute for Child Wellness in African-Launch Campaign; that is aimed at transforming the existence of children in Malawi by funding children so they can break the gird of hardship, declining health, and poor education in the future to come. Accordia agenda are distinguished by a much considerable variation of motive and process than are programs and agenda of formal organizations. They are also much compact in regards to number of beneficiaries. These elements tend to increase a perspective that each interceding is special, or practically so, thereby de-emphasizing any possible deterrent that might be assimilated for future interventions. This decrease the advantage that it is presumed to derived. (Jean Schensul, 2012), emphasized that NGOs are especially able to behave quickly to surfacing health issues, inherent and humanoid generated calamity. No doubt that Accordia NGO development in Africa nation has seen a stable growth in the recent years to pervade the huge gaps between the rich and the poor in the country. Urged by enthusiasm regarding a particular reason they support it by dedication ad drive. While the reach of their service cannot equivalent that of the governments organization, the excellence of care and th eir endeavor in reaching out to the diverse followers, specifically those who are biased against such as individuals with mental health disorder, give them a clear edge. Notwithstanding, the significant problems encountered in expanding the mental health programs , it is fulfilling to recognize the accomplishment made by Accordia Global Health Foundation are dispersed across the nation, although there are considerable figure in suburban city. (Roger Riddel) stated that working to reduce hardship through the furtherance of long term growth is itself distance from effortless assignment. I agree with this because more importantly, Accordia NGO share an assimilation of the growth process far broader than simply the providing of prevention. They accept the perspective that increasing the quality of living for the poor in a maintainable way require the poor gaining more capability through community organization, education, physical and technical resources). Accordia NGO believes that in framing what is achievable, they need to promote a suitable habitat for applicable research needs a health structure that is encouraging and contributing fund possibilities . It also needs reality of culture affirmation- producing and evidence- built fact-finding. There must exist a healthy alliance between communities, and researchers system to share knowledge, and experience. However, Accordia Global Health Foundation is not without problems in trying to frame what they are not able to attain .Not only is the distribution of service individualized, but plan -setting is mandated. Transferring and multi-layered resolution making can produce competencies. Further, they commit non or vey insufficient of their initiative to communicating this area of growth problem , since occasionally they examine it to be less essential than assisting to advocate growth within countries, in regard as an outcome of discourse with the specific donors or funders. Anthropologist Lisa Markowitz, stated that comprehending multinational process demands for multilocal, creative fact-finding action plan that both express individuals understanding of change and examine the interconnecting structures. Supplying purpose teaching and family counseling in expert profession such as social skill orientation and woodworker are interest assumed. While delighting themselves on specifically dip lomatic to the wants of the poor in growing countries and on responding rapidly to these. This combined with severe compulsion from donors reduces the project planning evaluation or attainable period, and to keep expenditure down, means that the aim of the programme or projects are repeatedly express in phrases which are rather common, or which are changed, often considerable , throughout the entire programmes. The more inexplicit the aims, the strenuous it is to present assessment with vivid-cut finish. This also decreases the advantage for coming interventions that is presumed to be gain from the research. To conclude, I believe that there is necessity for Accordia Global Health Foundation and other NGOs to be more successfully included in the areas of health research in order to expand the prospective benefits of research. And with revive sense of purpose and general goal, they can make lasting and strong effort in decreasing the disease problem of the worlds most impacted populace through successful fact-finding action. And they can assist to create a frame of working practices and teaching that will decrease the chance of failure and increase the possibility of success for organization directed to community, countries development.

julius caesar - flattery :: essays research papers

In William Shakespeare's tragic play Julius Caesar, an under appreciated factor of flattery and persuasion plays an important role in the choices of the leaders. Cassius uses flattery with Brutus. Decius uses flattery with Caesar, and Antony uses flattery with Brutus. Cassius persuades and flatters Brutus. Cassius knows that Caesar would do harm to Rome if he became leader. Brutus would be a powerful force in the conspirator's movement to kill Caesar before Caesar becomes king and destroys Rome. Cassius really needs Brutus on his side, so in order to persuade Brutus, he uses lots of flattery. Whenever Cassius talks to Brutus he throws in "good Brutus", "gentle Brutus" or "dear Brutus" to make Brutus feel comfortable and confident. He also uses overlooked flattery when speaking to Brutus. Cassius realizes all his sweet talk has done well when he responds to Brutus with "I am glad/That my weak words have struck but thus much show of fire from Brutus" (I, ii, 8). By this, he means that his words have lit a flame, or triggered a though in "the great" Brutus's head. Decius uses flattery and persuasion when speaking to Brutus. Decius is an active member of the Conspirators so he is very motivated into getting Caesar to go to the Senate House. The first thing that Decius says when he walks into Caesar's house is "Caesar, all hail! Good morrow, worthy Caesar" (II, ii, 30). Decius also goes on and calls Caesar "most mighty". Decius is already on Caesar's good side. After catching up on Calpurnia's dream, he uses his quick wit to distort Calpurnia's foreshadowing dream by saying it is "misinterpreted". He explains that the dream "Signifies that from (Caesar) Rome shall suck/Reviving blood, and that great men shall press/for tinctures, stains, relics, and cognizance" (II, ii, 31). Caesar seems to be amazed by this version of the interpretation; in fact, he likes this version a lot better mainly because Decius uses so much flattery. Antony deceives Brutus and the other conspirators with his keen wit and his sweet talk. After a brief minute of expressing sorrow, Antony goes right into saying "Friends am I with you all, and love you all" (III, I, 42). Antony is using flattery in order to get Brutus on his good side so he can speak in the order of Caesar's funeral. Antony asks Brutus if he can, Brutus agrees without hesitation. julius caesar - flattery :: essays research papers In William Shakespeare's tragic play Julius Caesar, an under appreciated factor of flattery and persuasion plays an important role in the choices of the leaders. Cassius uses flattery with Brutus. Decius uses flattery with Caesar, and Antony uses flattery with Brutus. Cassius persuades and flatters Brutus. Cassius knows that Caesar would do harm to Rome if he became leader. Brutus would be a powerful force in the conspirator's movement to kill Caesar before Caesar becomes king and destroys Rome. Cassius really needs Brutus on his side, so in order to persuade Brutus, he uses lots of flattery. Whenever Cassius talks to Brutus he throws in "good Brutus", "gentle Brutus" or "dear Brutus" to make Brutus feel comfortable and confident. He also uses overlooked flattery when speaking to Brutus. Cassius realizes all his sweet talk has done well when he responds to Brutus with "I am glad/That my weak words have struck but thus much show of fire from Brutus" (I, ii, 8). By this, he means that his words have lit a flame, or triggered a though in "the great" Brutus's head. Decius uses flattery and persuasion when speaking to Brutus. Decius is an active member of the Conspirators so he is very motivated into getting Caesar to go to the Senate House. The first thing that Decius says when he walks into Caesar's house is "Caesar, all hail! Good morrow, worthy Caesar" (II, ii, 30). Decius also goes on and calls Caesar "most mighty". Decius is already on Caesar's good side. After catching up on Calpurnia's dream, he uses his quick wit to distort Calpurnia's foreshadowing dream by saying it is "misinterpreted". He explains that the dream "Signifies that from (Caesar) Rome shall suck/Reviving blood, and that great men shall press/for tinctures, stains, relics, and cognizance" (II, ii, 31). Caesar seems to be amazed by this version of the interpretation; in fact, he likes this version a lot better mainly because Decius uses so much flattery. Antony deceives Brutus and the other conspirators with his keen wit and his sweet talk. After a brief minute of expressing sorrow, Antony goes right into saying "Friends am I with you all, and love you all" (III, I, 42). Antony is using flattery in order to get Brutus on his good side so he can speak in the order of Caesar's funeral. Antony asks Brutus if he can, Brutus agrees without hesitation.

Brief of Methodology Techniques

All research methodology is made up of a combination of qualitative and quantitative constructs. The idea of the qualitative quantitative research continuum, as opposed to a dichotomy, is explored on scientific grounds. What are known as qualitative methods are often beginning points, foundational strategies, which often are followed by quantitative methodologies. Qualitative Research.The qualitative, naturalistic approach is used while observing and interpreting reality with the aim of developing a theory that will explicate what was experienced. In their Handbook of Qualitative Research, Denzin and Lincoln (1994) acknowledge that â€Å"Qualitative research is multi-method in focus, involving an interpretive, naturalistic approach to its subject matter. This means that qualitative researchers study things in their natural settings, attempting to make sense of, or interpret, phenomena in terms of the meanings people bring to them.Qualitative research involves the studied use and col lection of a variety of empirical materials–case study, personal experience, introspective, life story, interview, observational, historical, interactions, and visual texts –the described routine and problematic moments and meanings in individuals' lives†. (p. 2) Qualitative data are defined by Patton ( 1990) as â€Å"detailed descriptions of situations, events, people, interactions, observed behaviors, direct quotations from people about their experiences, attitudes, beliefs, and thoughts and excerpts or entire passages from documents, correspondence, records, and case histories† (p.22 ). Techniques of qualitative research are Interviews, Observation, Case study, and Action research. Interviews Qualitative interviews have been responsive to the potentially invasive impact of researchers on the research process as the researcher is the primary research instrument. Observation Observation as a design feature is to attain depth of meaning from the data (i. e . , what seems salient in the setting). The researcher focuses in detail on the most pertinent factors in an ethnographic study. Case study The case-study method is one more design approach under the qualitative rubric.Case studies can be single-subject designs or based on a single program, unit, or school. Merriam (1988) describes that case-study research, begins with translating the research question into more specific and researchable problems, followed by techniques and examples of how to collect, organize, and report case-study data. Action Research Action research is used here to refer to ways of exploring professional experience which link practice and the analysis of practice into a single productive and constantly developing sequence, and which link researchers and research participants into a single community of involved colleagues.Winter (1996) explains that â€Å"action research is seen as a way of investigating professional experience which links practice and the analy sis of practice into a single, continuously developing sequence† (p. 13). Quantitative approach The quantitative approach is used while one begins with a theory (or hypothesis) and tests for confirmation or disconfirmation of that hypothesis. Quantitative research is often referred to as hypothesis-testing research (Kerlinger, 1964). Typical of this custom is the following common pattern of research operations in investigating, for instance, the effects of a treatment or an intervention.Techniques of quantitative research are Surveys, Interviews, Questionnaires, Sampling, and Triangulation. Surveys Data are collected, typically either by interview or by questionnaire, on a group of variables. The objective then is to observe patterns of relationship between the variables. Unlike experimental research, the researcher does not intercede in the organization and observe the effects of the intervention. Information is collected on a number of variables, and the amount to which they are causally linked has to be inferred.Interviews Quantitative researchers pretest their instruments to reassure the quality of their data. They ransack other researchers' scales and theories to inform their theoretical understanding of the fundamental factors that may be present. They do long interviews and focus groups to try to get into the points of view of those living through the situations they are analyzing. Questionnaires These are collections of questions that the respondent completes on his or her own. Sampling The sample of subjects is drawn to replicate the population.After the pretest measures are taken, the treatment conducted, and posttest measures taken, a statistical analysis divulges findings about the treatment's effects. To support repeatability of the findings, one experiment typically is conducted and statistical techniques are used to establish the probability of the same differences occurring over and over again. Triangulation Triangulation might be looked at as a dependability check–but not always. It is possible that one source of data could be much more significant than other sources in understanding a particular phenomenon.Generally, though, the more sources one looks at the more expected one is to have a complete perception of the phenomenon. Sampling Techniques: Random or Probability Non-random or Non-probability Random or Probability techniques are Simple random sampling, Systematic random sampling, and Stratified random sampling. Simple random sampling In simple random sampling, all subject within the sampling frame has an equal chance of being selected. This equal chance is consummate through a total randomness of selection.Systematic random sampling In systematic sampling, instead of drawing sample subjects randomly from the sampling frame, systematic sampling draws subjects at different intervals along the list of subjects in the sampling frame. Stratified random sampling An approach that increases the probability of obtaining a representative sample yet avoids missing an significant subgroup is to draw a stratified sample. With stratified sampling, the sampling frame is first separated into subgroups based on a variable that is considered important.Non-random or Non-probability is Cluster sampling, Quota sampling, Purposive sampling. Cluster sampling In cluster sampling, instead of individual subjects, logically occurring clusters, or groups, of subjects are used as the essential units of sampling. Purposive sampling With purposive sampling (also known as judgmental sampling), subjects are selected based on the researcher's knowledge of the population and on the nature of the research. The researcher uses subjects as the sample who are judged as â€Å"typical† or â€Å"representative† of the population of interest. Quota samplingThis type of non probability sampling is quota sampling. Quota sampling contains features of both stratified sampling and purposive sampling. In quota sa mpling, variables that are indomitable to be significant to the research question are identified. These variables are usually demographic variables such as gender, socioeconomic status, ethnicity, age, and urban versus rural residency. Conclusion The qualitative-quantitative research methodology is supported scientifically by its self-correcting feedback loops. In each and every research study, the continuum operates.When one conceptualizes research this way and uses the integral feedback mechanism, positive things happen that are less probable to occur in a strictly qualitative or a strictly quantitative study. Work Cited Merriam S. B. (1988). Case study research in education: A qualitative approach. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Stake R. E. (1981). â€Å"Case study methodology: An epistemological advocacy†. In W. W. Welch (Ed. ), Case study methodology in educational evaluation: Proceedings of the 1981 Minnesota Evaluation Conference (pp. 31-40).Minneapolis: Minnesota Researc h and Evaluation Center. Denzin N. K. , & Lincoln Y. S. (Eds. ). (1994). Handbook of qualitative research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Patton M. Q. (1990). Qualitative evaluation and research methods (2nd ed. ). Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications. Kerlinger F. (1964). Foundations of behavioral research. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston. Winter, R. (1996). Some principles and procedures for the conduct of action research. In Zuber-Skerritt, O. (Ed. ) Action research for change and development. Aldershot: Gower-Avebury.

Selecting a Project essay

Selecting a Project essay Selecting a Project essay Selecting a Project essayAn important component of project management process is the selection of the project and initiation of the project. Prior to selecting a project, it is necessary to address the problem that the new project will be solving or to identify the new feature or opportunity that the project will be focused on. Furthermore, it is necessary to develop a strategic plan for the particular problem or opportunity which should be aligned with the overall corporate strategy, to analyze competition and local businesses, to identify all relevant alternatives and to select the project basing on specific criteria. The selection of projects is commonly based on the following criteria: the benefits associated with this project, project feasibility and economic efficiency. The purpose of this paper is to consider a case of launching a new project and to consider the stages of project identification and selection pertaining to the target project.The title of the article describing the new project and its selection is the following: Hellmanns promote recipes on intelligent trolleys. The article was retrieved from the website GetTheMedia.com, which provides various resources and information pertaining to marketing ideas, cases and projects. This article discusses the impressive marketing project which was implemented by Hellmann in Brazil in 2013.Hellmann continues to look for innovative ways to market its products and to increase customer engagement. The previous marketing campaign which created the background for the particular project was the Recipe Receipt campaign of Hellmann (SpringWise, 2013). Customers who purchased Hellmanns mayonnaise received printed recipes which included other products purchased along with mayonnaise in the same check (SpringWise, 2013). However, this marketing campaign included only the products that were already selected by the customers and thus limited the choice of recipes. Hellmann was seeking to expand this marketing initiat ive and to make the process of offering recipes and engaging customers more sophisticated.The main challenge of the new project was the need to interact with customers while they were shopping and to provide Hellmanns recipe advice matching the choices already made by the customers. The problem that should be solved by the new project was the following: customers might be interested in some recipe for which they do not have components yet, so the new marketing tool should create the inspiration to cook new dishes (instead of focusing on the products that the customers already chose). Furthermore, the goal of Hellmanns was to change the perception of mayonnaise and to make the customers perceive it as a delicious element of many dishes.Hellmann chose the following solution: the company integrated a Recipe Cart into the trolleys in the large stores. The card was equipped by LCD screen and RFID which scanned the products located closely to the trolley; these products were used to make recipe suggestions (Get the Media, 2014). All recipes included Hellmanns mayonnaise as a component. The customers could browse recipes and even share the recipes by email. As a result, recipe carts were used by more than 45,000 people and the sales of Hellmann mayonnaise increased by 68% during the first month of the campaign (Get the Media, 2014).The example of project selection by Hellmann illustrates that it is critically important to identify the objectives of the project and to align the project with overall corporate strategy prior to selecting the project. Furthermore, Hellmanns experience shows that the selection of a new project can (and often should) be based on the previous alternatives and projects implemented by the company. In the considered case, Hellmann used the experience of the previous campaign and set the criteria for the project that allowed to eliminate the weaknesses of the previous campaign. Therefore, Hellmanns campaign selection illustrates the process of creating and initiating a project.

Rising College Tuition essays

Rising College Tuition essays The topic of rising college tuition costs is an issue that hits very close to home. Being a student, it is very hard to deal with attending a school that has high tuition costs. The University of New Hampshire has one of the highest tuitions for state schools in the country. For out of state students UNH is one of only 22 schools out of 575 listed on CollegeBoard.Com that costs more than $20,000 for tuition. This fact is a major problem today when more schools each year are raising their tuition costs for students. A few of the biggest points that CQ makes about rising college costs are wasted money on extravagant facilities, overpaid administrators, and under worked faculty. These issues are very serious, and they can be seen all over the country, even in the little town of Durham, NH. While UNH doesnt really have overpaid administrators in the half million dollar club we do have extravagant facilities as well as under worked faculty. To be fair though, the under worked faculty do seem to be under paid as well. UNH has been undergoing renovations on various class rooms and residence halls for the past 3 years, and in the past 3 years what do we have to show for it? We have an enormous residence hall, Mills Hall, which contains suite style living quarters for students. While students do enjoy the suite style housing, it does take up extra room that could have been better apportioned to a normal hall style, creating a great deal more beds. Then we have the newly renovated Congreve Hall, which was blessed with a central air system, however, this central air system has caused numerous water leaks and mold growths, even causing a student to have to be moved from their room so the walls could be re-sheet rocked. Then we have the new, incredibly large, dining facility, Holloway Commons. There can be no argument about it, that the new dining hall is a wonderful piece of architecture with many great interna...

Analysis of United States based television networks that service the Research Paper

Analysis of United States based television networks that service the U.S. Hispanic market - Research Paper Example On the other hand, Latino is considered broader term including different ancestries like Spanish, Brazilians etc. Thus, it can be concluded that Hispanics just involve Spanish- speaking persons from Latin America excluding Portuguese speaking Brazilians. According to the census of 2010, South America has about 85, 000 Spanish Americans in its total population composition. Most of the Hispanic population resides on the eastern parts of United States whereas Latinos prefer to have their accommodation on the western ends. As far as the total population of the United States is concerned, Hispanics constitute 16.7% of the total population and form the largest group based on ethnicity next to White Americans- a group of people composed of various other sub- groups like Latinos, Hispanics, Cuban Americans, Mexican, Colombian, Puerto Ricans, Dominican, Salvadorans and Spanish. So, just after the Native Americans, it can be well said that Hispanics are the second largest American ethnic group having roots in European ancestry. In the beginning of their arrival in U. S. Hispanics prefer to live in the Southwestern regions. Later on, in 1598, they had permanent settlements in New Mexico. In 1680, this area was transferred to Texas. However, again in 1692, Hispanics resumed their settlements in New Mexico. However, at the same time, new ones were also established in California and Arizona in the beginning of eighteenth century. Puerto Rico is believed to be the oldest settlement of early Spanish in United States. Source: (Ahaa, pars. 1) Source: (Ahaa, pars. 2) Source: (Jeffrey, pars. 1) The Significance of Media in the Lives of Hispanic Americans United States has a huge market as far as media and programming is concerned. There are hundreds and thousands of media outlets in America including commercial as well as non- commercial networks for broadcasting, advertising and marketing. Low-power Radio networks facilitating the listeners and millions of magazines are also circ ulating on daily basis. The Hispanic oriented and the most noteworthy media outlets include, Univision: This is considered the largest television network in Spanish language in the United States of America. This television network has several affiliates in the U. S. market and many international affiliates as well. Telemundo: The second largest television network in Spanish in U. S. is Telemundo having several national and international affiliates. Azteca America: Another popular television network in Spanish with affiliates in every major market of United States. Numerous international affiliates also exist, mun2: This is a cable network that extensively produces programs and content for audiences with Hispanic American and Latino origins. ConSentido TV: It is also a popular television network, newspaper and radio service that covers Hispanic audiences especially reside in North Texas. TBN Enlace, USA: It is a Christian television network which has its broadcast in Spanish language . This network is based in the state of California. 3ABN Lation: Another addition among the television networks especially focused on the programs that are specifically generated for Hispanic Americans. V-me: This network belongs to PBS network and it’s a Spanish television network. CNN: This television network is based in Atlanta: Georgia. It is a Spanish language news network.

Informative Speech Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Informative Speech - Essay Example Even though experimental vaccines and treatment drugs have been developed and are currently in use, the disease is yet to be contained. To limit and/or avoid catching Ebola, it is important to observe high-level hygiene and avoid contact with infected persons. This will not only ensure that people are safe from the disease, but also curb its spread from one person to another. Most importantly, every symptom related to Ebola should be taken seriously. Most infections are spread from one person to another because symptoms related to Ebola are often disregarded. It is vital to be tested for the disease as early as possible whenever the aforementioned symptoms are observed. Diagnosing the disease early increases chances of survival. The ultimate objective, however, is to avoid the disease altogether. This can be done by ensuring people with the said symptoms are quarantined for testing and treatment if applicable. When in known or potentially affected areas, avoid coming into contact with other people’s fluids such as sweat, saliva, or blood. This goes to as far as avoiding handshakes and using protective gear when in such

Sound effects Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Sound effects - Essay Example The sound has been edited as dense because it complimented the seriousness of the plotline. Herein, it should be noted that the sources of the film are both outside and original. This has been made in direct accordance of dialogue delivery. I would state that throughout the film, one would note almost all the instruments of orchestra including violin, piano etc (Giannetti, 2010). The language was quiet simplistic with no swearing and coarse expressions. There are a number of dialogues that have been delivered. Few fancy dialogues have been added such as â€Å"Someone reminded me weed is good, now it seems it legal†. There is no narrator as watched in the trailer. However, few dialogues from the film have rather been used as a form of narration to ensure a storyline sneak. The delivery of dialogues has been done by a couple of actors including lead actor and supporting actor. The narrator of the film Wall Street: Money Never Sleeps is partially omniscient in nature. It should be noted that along the storyline, the narrator has been able to comment about the events that take place in the movie one after the other. In addition, dialogues have been bee vividly used to make sure that the mystery of the film is made complex for the audiences so that the interest is kept unaffected. The fact remains that the director and music director have been successful in keep BG for the film. Audiences might also note that there are couples of walla in the film. While watching the trailer of Captain America, it was noticed that the sound effects used in this movie are a combination of hard sounds and background sound effects. This is because, the trailer is showing scenes of weapons firing, auto vehicles driving and rushing by and door slamming. On the other hand, the trailer also shows scenes of Captain America being deployed in jungle with sounds in the background that are not synchronized explicitly with the scene in the trailer. There is also a voiceover

Police Functions Essay Example for Free

Police Functions Essay Over the years, police have been portrayed in the media, television shows, and the local newspaper as crime fighting heroes. This portrayal would make one think a police officer is always out doing a dangerous job, which may require shooting, beating up, or arrested the bad guy. The truth is, most officers will not make a felony arrest in a given year, and there are also many officers who have never fired their weapon. There are various perspectives of the policing functions. I will examine these perspectives from the local, state, and federal organizational levels. I will identify and address possible future changes in laws and the overall impact these changes will have on the field of policing. Local Police Police, usually called law enforcement officers, apprehend criminals and investigate crimes. There are several other functions that the police perform. Local police have three main functions: maintaining order, controlling crime, and providing basic social services. Local police maintain order in different activities, such as traffic control in power outages, crowd control outside of a local football game, resolving domestic disputes, and removing drunken patrons from the streets. Police officers serve and protect. The main focus of maintaining order is keeping the peace rather than enforcing the law, so to speak. In different situations, officers may have to make an arrest to ensure the peace, but the appropriate order-maintenance solution often consists of less formal actions, like clearing crowds after a big game. Controlling crime is basically patrol and criminal investigation. Basic social service is calling police in an emergency situation. The majority of phone calls to the police are in need of social service as opposed to those relating to crimes. There are several factors that shape what police do. Police officers are available 24 hours a day seven days a week. People call on the police when they find themselves in an emergency situation and there is not another agency available. Because of this availability, it sometimes gives officers a heavy workload. Police work is different and unique from other jobs because these men and women are permitted to use force. Force in this case is deadly or physical force as well as arresting someone. Police officers have to be ready to shoot in a split second, if need be. Discretion is used in all areas of policing. Officers rely on their training as well as experiences to decide what to do when dealing with citizens. A wonderful example of discretion is an officer giving you a warning for speeding as oppose to upholding the law and issuing you a citation. State Police State police are a part of The Department of Public Safety. Every state with the exception of Hawaii has its own police force possessing statewide jurisdiction. The nation’s largest state police force is California Highway Patrol. The directors of highway patrols or state police are appointed by the Governors. Tasks done by state police agencies include assisting the local police departments in criminal investigations, patrolling the state’s highways, training municipal and country police, maintaining centralized crime records for the state, and operate a crime lab. Federal Police Within the executive branch of the national government lies the federal law enforcement. The FBI, or Federal Bureau of Investigation, is a part of this federal organization. The FBI investigates several categories of federal crimes. Their focus is on protecting the nation from threats, such as terrorism, organized crime, drug trafficking, white collar crimes, and violent crimes, such as kidnappings and bank robberies as well as civil-rights crimes. The FBI is equipped with crime labs, fingerprint files, crime statistics, and a training academy, which enables them to assist state, local, and other federal agencies. Due to the increases in organized crimes, the FBI also has wiretapping authority. Federal officers have jurisdiction nationwide. The Department of Homeland Security is another branch containing federal law enforcement agencies. Some of DHS agencies are: United States Secret Service- which is responsible for apprehending anyone caught counterfeiting U. S. money. They are also responsible for the protection of other officials of the federal government and for protecting the president. Immigration and Customs Enforcement- enforces the flow of immigrants into the United States. INS agents deport aliens who break the United States naturalization laws. They are also responsible for the patrol of the United States border to stop illegal immigrants from entering the country. In the 1990s, INS agents focused on the Mexican-U. S. border, where large numbers of illegal immigrants and huge amounts of illicit drugs entered the United States. INS agents arrest hundreds of thousands of illegal immigrants each year, but the number making it safely into the United States still exceeded the number arrested. † (The Nature of Police Work) Customs and Border Protection and Transportation Security Administration also fall under this agency. Conclusion Patrol and criminal investigation used to dominate policing. Uniformed officers would roam the streets interrupting crime and trying to prevent them from happening. There are different strategies to policing. These strategies include patrol, special operations, and investigations. There are changes that can be made in laws to impact the field of policing. Local police departments can reduce corruption by keeping a closer eye on the department and listening to the community. Bad seeds would have to be removed from all areas of policing. These departments can also form a positive relationship with the public by showing they are doing more than making arrests. Federal agencies are sometimes limited in the information they can share with other departments, but if there is something useful, they can pass the information along to help all agencies out. There are many functions to policing. While police are heroes to a lot of people, they are not just out fighting crime and locking up the bad guys. They are there for us when we need them, regardless if our cat is stuck in a tree or we have a runaway teenager. Different agencies perform at different levels each having different duties. Once we understand what different agencies are able to do, we understand policing better.

ESD Static Electicity :: essays research papers

Every one knows what static electricity is. We have all seen static electricity in the form of lightning or even in the zap when reaching for a door knob. Sliding across the car seat or walking across the carpet can create this charge. The same types of electrical charges can have an effect on the electronic components you handle every day in class. Static electricity is an electrical charge at rest. Static electricity is most commonly created by friction and separation. Friction causes heat which excites the molecular particles of the material. When two materials are then separated, a transfer of electrons from one material to the other may take place. As electrons transfer, the loss or the addition or electrons creates an electrical field known as static electricity. The simple separation of two materials, as when tape is pulled off a roll, can also create this same transfer of electrons between materials, generating static electrical fields. The amount of static electricity gener ated depends upon the materials affected by friction or separation, the amount of friction or separation and the amount of humidity in the environment. Common plastic generally will create the most static charge. Low humidity conditions such as those created when air is heated during the winter will also cause the creation of static electricity. Many of the common activities you perform daily may generate charges on your body that are potentially harmful to components. Some of these activities include: †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Walking across a carpet, 1,500 to 35,000 volts †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Walking over untreated vinyl floor, 250 to 12,000 volts †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Worker at a bench, 700 to 6,000 volts †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Vinyl envelope used for work instructions, 600 to 7,000 volts †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Picking up a common plastic bag from a bench, 1,200 to 20,000 volts These activity examples were taken from www.midwestesd.com. When you feel a static shock, you are experiencing a minimum of 3,000 volts of electricity. While you can feel electrostatic discharges of 3,000 volts, smaller charges are below what the average human can feel. Unfortunately, these smaller charges can and do damage small electrical devices. Many of the components used in your computer can be damaged by charges of less than 1,000 volts.

Union Organizing

Labor Relations Week 6 Final Paper Union Campaigning Process Campaigning is something that is done in many aspects of life. It breaks down to basically creating arguments to sell yourself or your company to a group of people. President hopefuls set out on a campaign trail every four years to try and get people to vote for them. I always thought that this was the only form of campaigning, but I was incorrect. Employers and Unions both use campaigning to get workers to either avoid, or join a union. Each side has their own tactics and goals to achieve. I plan to analyze both sides and show the pros and cons of each. Employer campaign tactics start with four key factors that determine voting decisions. These factors are job dissatisfaction, union instrumentality, general union attitudes and collective social identity. Employers try to provide information to employees consisting of pro-company, anti-union information. Employers use many tactics during their campaign process to attempt to get their workers to avoid joining a union. Some of these include sending out letters or email messages with negative aspects of the union organization, or supervisors meeting with employees individually or in small groups. Another tactic that works to the advantage of employers is utilizing its private property rights to prohibit outside organizations from entering the workplace and interacting with their workers. A drawback to that tactic is that they have to maintain the rule for all organizations, and not just unions. One of the more common tactics is the captive audience meeting. This is typically a group meeting held in the workplace during work hours, where employees listen to management describe their antiunion and pro-company presentations. These meetings are completely legal as long as they are not within 24 hours of an election. Employers need to be careful not to cross lines in regards to their tactics. Some of them can be considered illegal if they are overly aggressive or threatening. Some of these employer tactics are heavily debated due to their difficulty to measure and observe, so that kind of has the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) keeping an eye on employer tactics, and how they run their campaign. They want to ensure that there is no threatening of workers, or any other funny business going on. Union campaign processes also target the four key factors of worker complaints within a company. Union organizers use a vastly different set of tactics to get their information out, and attempt to get a union organized within a workplace. No matter how closely labor laws attempt to regulate the balance of rights during union and employer campaigning processes, the employers always seem to have more power over their property, and their employees. Unions need to get creative with their campaigning. Unions have some disadvantages against them because they cannot show workers instant results. Instead they make a lot of what seems like empty promises that they need to fulfill if they are successful during their campaign. One of their tactics that they use to get in contact with workers is by accessing the Excelsior List. The Excelsior List is simply a list of the names and addresses of employees eligible to vote in the election. Employers must provide this list to the union organizers to comply with a rule the NLRB established in 1966. Unions then utilize the list to send out mailings or set up home visits by a union representative to speak with the worker directly. A distinct disadvantage to using this list is that a lot of workers may view it as an invasion of privacy, and choose not to speak with the union representative. Alternatively, with the advance of technology, unions are now utilizing the Internet and web pages to help distribute information without violating an employee’s privacy. In comparison with employer campaigning, unions definitely have a more passive approach. Unions also have to recognize that different campaign tactics work better for different sets of workers. There is a lot to consider when establishing a campaign. Now, there can be significant problems with each side of the campaign process. Each side has to maintain their role while providing the necessary information desired, and stay within the legal guidelines set forth by the NLRB. Employers must be careful not to make any of their statements seem like threats of unemployment or wage deduction. Our textbook explains this perfectly. â€Å"Predictions based on objective facts that some events will likely occur because of forces beyond the employers control are legal; statements that convey the impression that these events are inevitable or at the discretion of the employer are threats. (McGraw-Hill, page 246) Employers tend to be watched more closely in these circumstances, since they have a more direct access to their workers, obviously. While the NLRB cannot monitor everything, the workers can report any inappropriate behavior should it occur. For instance, while a campaign is in process and an election is approaching, employers are not allowed to question workers on their stance regarding unions. This could lead to an employee giving his or her stance, and the employer terminating the employment to avoid them voting for the union, which is not allowed. Also, if employers choose to activate their privacy protection, and choose not to allow solicitors, they must remain active and apply that rule to all organizations, not just unions. Employers tend to have the advantage in the campaign process, since they can hire consultants and reach the workers directly, as stated. Some of these consultants can make matters worse, by starting rumors, telling lies and blowing things out of context. Our text outlines a particularly extreme case in which â€Å"a 17 year employee with no record of violence challenged his plant manager to let the employees talk to a union organizer. The following day the employer notified the local sheriff that this employee was threatening workers so the sheriff’s deputies surrounded him at gunpoint on his way to work and forcibly took him to the local hospital. Based on what the employer told the sheriff, the employee was involuntarily committed to a mental hospital. He was held for two weeks against his will and forcibly injected with anti-psychotic drugs until a lawyer could obtain his release. This happened in 1999, in South Carolina. † (McGraw-Hill, p. 248) Reading that is a real eye-opener to how serious this subject can get. The union side of campaign runs into fewer issues, mainly because of their lack of contact with workers. They are only permitted certain things, and often lack the funds to do much more than their mailings and home visits. One thing that they do have to their advantage is anonymity. Some unions are so bold as to send some of their paid union organizers into an employer to try to get hired as employees! They are referred to as â€Å"salts†, since the union thinks they â€Å"salt† or enrich the workplace by spreading news about union in non-work areas to attempt to organize the workers. I think this is actually a brilliant idea to get in under the radar and make some headway if you’re a union trying to organize. And actually, it is considered legal, after the Supreme Court ruled that they are employees protected against discrimination in hiring and firing. (McGraw-Hill, p. 247) Some states are considered at-will, or right to work states, and there are special rules for them regarding unions. â€Å"The Taft-Hartley Act outlawed the ‘closed-shop’ rule regarding unions. Closed shop referred to employees at unionized workplaces being required to join the union as a condition of employment. The Act did permit a new ‘union shop’, which required all new employees to join the union after a minimum period of time after their hire. Under ‘union shop’ rules, employers are obliged to fire any employees who have avoided paying membership dues necessary to maintain membership in the union; however the union cannot demand that the employer discharge an employee who has been expelled from membership for any other reason. † (Wikipedia) Some people think that there should be limits set forth to campaigning and union organizing. I agree that there should be some limits set to both sides of this debate. I think that unions should not be allowed to make home visits and invade their privacy. I also think that there should be more strict rules enforcing policies for the employers. I think that it is unfair for employers to discipline their workers simply for getting information on other options for their benefits and happiness. I don’t know how they can enforce these things in the future, but it simply is not fair for employees to be discriminated against, or put in fear of their jobs or benefits. That could be considered bullying. I think that maybe when it comes to union elections, the NLRB should send in more representatives, and maybe they can have a debate with employer management, and a union organizer, to allow both sides of an argument to be heard in a fair and dignified way, as opposed to simply campaigning, and talking bad about the other side. References: Wikipedia: http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Taft-Hartley_Act Textbook: Budd, Labor Relations: Striking a Balance, Second Edition. McGraw-Hill 2008.

Innovation: The Key to Achieve Organizational Sustainability Essay

Introduction Currently, the theory of sustainability has gained an international popularity not only in the more macro social and ecological level, but also in the relatively micro organizational level. To be more specific, now it has become the primary goal of an organization to sustain a healthy and long-term development, or sustainable development. The role of innovation in the organizational sustainability, however, is not yet decided partly because that the notion of innovation is so elusive (Elke & Bos-Brouwers 2010). After a wide literature survey, in this essay it attempts to put forth and prove the hypothesis that innovation is the key to realize organization sustainability. Organizational Sustainability and Innovation? As pointed out in the research book by Dunphy, Griffiths and Benn (2006), corporation has been the fundamental cell of modern economic life as it brings people such a huge physical wealth that is unthinkable for the generations before. The importance of corporation, however, leads to the question of how to maintain a sustainable development of corporation in order to achieve the sustainability of human society and the plant. This is called corporation sustainability or organizational sustainability. Accordingly, one can see that in the literary sense, organizational sustainability is a sustainable and healthy development and maintenance of the organization to fulfill its goal to provide its members the financial returns and other kinds of outcomes in the long run. However, it is just one part of organizational sustainability. From a more profound perspective, it has the sustainability of human society and the plant as its ultimate goal. Human beings are living in this earth for quite a long time and will continue to live in this plant; therefore, it is important to study the approaches to a sustainable development. Someone also link the organizational sustainability with enterprise social responsibility. The two terms coincide in the point that they are both meant for a long-term development for the organization and human beings as well. Innovation, nevertheless, is much more elusive to define that organizational sustainability. Based on the broad survey, it is summarized that there are  at least the following two indispensible aspects in the notion of innovation. For one thing, innovation is the concept of innovative thinking. It is deeply rooted in the members of an organization and reflected by the organizational culture. In the innovative culture, the opinions from multicultural backgrounds are welcomed and respected. For another thing, innovation also refers to the methods to bring about new and creative organizational changes through innovative methods, such as technological innovation or institutional innovation. By adopting the innovative methods, it is possible to bring a significant change to an organization. Theoretical Perspective To realize the primary importance of innovation of innovation in organizational sustainability, one has to find out the inherent link between them. Organizational sustainability is nothing like the previous production mode which puts extreme and even solo emphasis on the short-term and economic gains in an organization. It is aimed at a comprehensive development of economic returns, social welfare, ecological impact, and human development. The essence in this new mode of organization development lies in creative change or a fundamental change to the old-fashioned one. Therefore, the theoretical reasoning will be conducted from two aspects—innovative mindset and innovation method. Innovative mindset, or innovative thinking, is of a vital importance for the possibility of organizational sustainability. As pointed out by Dunphy, Griffiths and Benn (2006), because of the unsustainability of some traditional organizational values and forms, one cannot achieve the sustainability of society and the plant if they are not significantly reshaped. It is echoed from the research result by Weiss and Legrand (2011), who also conclude that to foster innovative thinking, or embrace a culture of innovation, is the key to ensure the implementation of sustainable measures in an organization. It is because sustainability approach is such a newly emerged organizational practice that one has to be spiritually innovative to accept this new idea. In the second place, sustainability in an organization is equally impossible  when no innovative methods can be put forth. It is true that the organization members should be of an innovative mindset. However, it is also important to work out measures to bring a highly efficient production while at the same time bring benefits to the society, such as technological process (Elke & Bos-Brouwers 2010). In this case, the embrace of multi-culture values is of great importance (Florea Cheung and Herndon 2013). New and innovative methods will come up when different or contrasting ideas are presented for discussion. In addition, apart from technological innovation, the institutional innovation can also result in organizational sustainability. An institutional arrangement that encourages the sustainability of an organization will definitely stimulate the members in it to make the best of their individual efforts to realize this goal. Empirical Approach The inherent link between innovation and organizational sustainability has been revealed in the above theoretical perspective. It is equally important to discuss this issue from an empirical approach. According to the research by Center for Sustainability Organization (n.d.), there has come out the research focus on Context-Based Sustainability, which interprets organizational performance not only from the economic perspective, but also relates it to social and ecological thresholds. It is also coincides to the discussion about organizational sustainability in the first part. And it is also directly linked to the organizational practices taken by Coca cola, who intends to realize the sustainability of the organization. In the Sustainability Innovation Summit held by Coca Cola Enterprise (2013), measures to achieve organizational sustainability are heatedly debated by delegates from scholars, entrepreneurs and government officials. In the end, conclusions have been reached that it is important to â€Å"embrace disruptive approaches through innovation, collaboration and technology.† The approaches to be adopted are disruptive because they are not at all similar to those before. Or rather, one might call them innovative methods. However, in order to take these disruptive approaches, it is important to embrace innovation and technology. Technology is the result of innovation, to some extent, because there is no technological breakthrough without innovation. That is  to say, innovation is the key in taking the disruptive approaches. And these approaches are for the purpose of organizational sustainability. It becomes clear that innovation plays such a key role in the realization of sustainabili ty for an organization. Conclusion Nowadays, the management of change has become one of the primary tasks for the leaders in an organization, because of the rapid change in economic climate and theoretical innovation in management. The concept of organizational sustainability, however, is also one of the major theoretical challenges to the previous out-of-mode organizational practices. It not only focuses on the short-term and economic outcomes from an organization, but also extends to the social welfare and individual benefits provided by the organization. Such a contrast to the old practices, it is important to realize the importance of innovation and make the best of it to realize the sustainability of an organization. Specifically speaking, on one hand, it is necessary to foster an innovative thinking among the members of the organization; on the other hand, it is also essential to work out innovative methods to realize the goal of organization sustainability. References Center for Sustainability Organization. (n.d.). Retrieved Apr. 9th, 2014, http://www.sustainablelifemedia.com/events/sb14/program/workshops Coca Cola Enterprise. (2013). â€Å"Sustainability Innovation Summit explores how organizations can think differently to drive the next era of sustainable business.† updated Oct. 11th, 2013, retrieved Apr. 9th, 2014, http://www.cokecce.com/news-and-events/news/sustainability-innovation-summit-explores-how-organizations-can-think-differently-to-drive-the-next-era-of-sustainable-business-video-and-summary Dunphy D., Griffiths A. and Benn S. (2006). â€Å"Organizational change for corporate sustainability.† Retrieved from Routledge Talor & Francis Group, Apr. 9, 2014, http://www.sustenn.com/files/user_files/25_Frederic_Laloux/dunphyorganization al-change-for-corporate-sustainability.pdf Elke H. and Bos-Brouwers J. (2010). â€Å"Corporate sustainability and innovation in SMEs: evidence of themes and activities in practice.† Business Strategy and the Environment (retrieved from Database Wiley), Vol. 19, No. 7, pp. 417–435 Florea L., Cheung Y., and Herndon N. (2013). â€Å"For all good reasons: role of values in organizational sustainability.† Journal of Business Ethics(retrieved from Database Jstor), Vol. 114, No. 3 (May 2013), pp. 393-408 Weiss D. and Legrand C. (2011). Innovative Intelligence: The Art and Practice of Leading Sustainable Innovation in Your Organization. John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd., Ontario.